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1. GURPATWANT PANNUN MURDER PLOT: INDIA REACTS TO US COURT SUMMONS
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper II (International Relations, India and Its Diaspora)
Context: India has termed as "unwarranted" and "baseless" the summons issued by a US court regarding an alleged plot to assassinate Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, a designated terrorist and leader of the banned organization Sikhs for Justice (SFJ).
Background:
Gurpatwant Singh Pannun is the founder of SFJ, a pro-Khalistan secessionist organization banned under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) in India.
SFJ advocates for a separate Sikh homeland called Khalistan, to be carved out from the Indian state of Punjab and neighbouring areas.
Pannun is based in the United States and has been involved in anti-India propaganda and activities promoting secessionism.
About the Issue:
A US district court reportedly issued summons to India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), and its chief, alleging involvement in a conspiracy to assassinate Pannun on American soil.
India has rejected these allegations, stating that they are attempts to malign its agencies and are based on unfounded claims.
The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) emphasised India's commitment to the rule of law and international norms.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
International Relations: Examines the complexities of India's diplomatic relations with the US, especially concerning security and counter-terrorism cooperation.
Security Issues: Highlights challenges posed by secessionist movements with international networks and the role of intelligence agencies.
Indian Diaspora: Addresses issues related to Indians abroad engaging in activities against the interests of India.
Linkages with Static Portions:
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA):
Enacted to prevent unlawful activities associations in India.
Provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other provisions.
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW):
India's primary foreign intelligence agency.
Established in 1968, responsible for gathering external intelligence and counter-terrorism.
Diplomatic Immunity and International Law:
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations outlines diplomatic immunity.
Jurisdictional challenges when national courts summon foreign government entities.
India-US Relations:
Strategic partnership encompassing defence, trade, and counter-terrorism.
Mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs) facilitate cooperation on legal and criminal matters.
Key Points:
India's Stance:
Rejects allegations as baseless and politically motivated.
Emphasises adherence to international law and non-interference in other countries' internal matters.
Security Concerns:
Activities of pro-Khalistan elements pose a threat to India's sovereignty and integrity.
India's efforts to curb secessionist movements involve legal and diplomatic measures.
International Cooperation:
Importance of cooperation between India and the US in counter-terrorism.
Challenges arise when individuals misuse freedoms in democratic societies to promote separatism.
Potential Implications:
Diplomatic Relations:
Such allegations can strain India-US relations if not handled diplomatically.
Legal Precedents:
Raises questions about the extraterritorial application of domestic laws.
Security Measures:
Necessitates strengthening intelligence-sharing mechanisms between nations.
Prelims Questions:
Which of the following organizations is declared unlawful under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) in India?
a) Babbar Khalsa International
b) Sikhs for Justice
c) United Liberation Front of Assam
d) All of the above
Answer: b) Sikhs for Justice
The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) in India is primarily responsible for:
a) Internal intelligence
b) External intelligence
c) Economic intelligence
d) Cybersecurity
Answer: b) External intelligence
Which international convention primarily governs diplomatic relations and immunity?
a) Geneva Convention
b) Vienna Convention
c) Hague Convention
d) Paris Convention
Answer: b) Vienna Convention
Mains Questions:
Discuss the challenges faced by India in countering secessionist movements that have international support. How can diplomatic engagements be utilised to address these challenges while upholding international law?
Examine the provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). How effective has it been in dealing with terrorism and secessionist activities within India? Suggest measures to enhance its efficacy while safeguarding human rights.
Analyse the role of intelligence agencies like RAW in safeguarding national security. What are the ethical and legal considerations they must adhere to, especially in the international arena?
2. KERALA’S SUCCESS IN REDUCING MORTALITY FROM AMOEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper II (Health), General Studies Paper III (Science and Technology)
Context:
Kerala has significantly reduced the mortality rate from Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but often fatal brain infection caused by the amoeba Naegleria fowleri, through prompt diagnosis and effective treatment protocols.
Background:
Amoebic Meningoencephalitis:
An acute, fulminant infection of the brain and meninges caused by free-living amoebae.
Naegleria fowleri, commonly known as the "brain-eating amoeba," is found in warm freshwater bodies like lakes, rivers, and hot springs.
Infection occurs when contaminated water enters the body through the nose, allowing the amoeba to reach the brain.
Challenges in Management:
High mortality rate exceeding 95%.
Difficulty in early diagnosis due to non-specific initial symptoms resembling meningitis.
Limited awareness among healthcare professionals and the public.
Kerala's Initiatives and Strategies:
Early Detection and Diagnosis:
Enhanced surveillance systems to detect cases promptly.
Training healthcare workers to recognise early symptoms and risk factors.
Utilisation of advanced diagnostic tools like PCR tests for rapid identification of the amoeba.
Effective Treatment Protocols:
Administration of the antifungal drug Amphotericin B along with other antimicrobials.
Use of Miltefosine, an anti-leishmanial drug shown to have efficacy against Naegleria fowleri.
Implementation of aggressive treatment strategies, including managing intracranial pressure.
Public Awareness Campaigns:
Educating the public about the risks of swimming in warm freshwater bodies.
Advising preventive measures like using nose clips and avoiding submerging the head in suspect waters.
Infrastructure Development:
Upgrading medical facilities with necessary equipment and trained personnel.
Establishing protocols for immediate referral to tertiary care centers.
Research and Collaboration:
Partnering with research institutions for studying the epidemiology of the disease.
Sharing data and treatment outcomes to refine management strategies.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
Public Health Management:
Demonstrates effective state-level intervention in managing a rare but deadly disease.
Highlights the importance of early detection, awareness, and prompt treatment in reducing mortality.
Health Infrastructure and Policy Implementation:
Reflects on how robust health infrastructure and governance can tackle health emergencies.
Offers insights into policy measures for infectious disease control.
Science and Technology in Health:
Emphasises the role of advanced diagnostics and treatment protocols.
Illustrates the application of medical research in improving health outcomes.
Linkages with Static Portions:
Public Health Systems in India:
Structure and functioning of healthcare delivery at the state and national levels.
Role of National Health Mission in strengthening healthcare.
Communicable Diseases:
Epidemiology of infectious diseases prevalent in India.
Government initiatives for disease surveillance and control.
Science and Technology:
Advances in medical technology and their impact on healthcare.
Role of biotechnology in disease diagnosis and treatment.
Prelims Questions:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) is caused by which of the following organisms?
a) Naegleria fowleri
b) Plasmodium falciparum
c) Trypanosoma cruzi
d) Leishmania donovani
Answer: a) Naegleria fowleri
Which state in India has recently been in the news for reducing mortality from Amoebic Meningoencephalitis through effective interventions?
a) Maharashtra
b) Kerala
c) Tamil Nadu
d) Karnataka
Answer: b) Kerala
Miltefosine, used in the treatment of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis, was originally developed for treating which disease?
a) Malaria
b) Leprosy
c) Visceral Leishmaniasis
d) Tuberculosis
Answer: c) Visceral Leishmaniasis
Mains Questions:
Kerala's approach to reducing mortality from Amoebic Meningoencephalitis showcases effective public health intervention. Discuss the key strategies adopted and their implications for managing rare infectious diseases in India.
The management of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases requires a multi-faceted approach. Analyse how advancements in science and technology can aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of such diseases, citing recent examples.
Public awareness and community participation are crucial in combating infectious diseases. Evaluate the role of education and awareness campaigns in disease prevention, with reference to Kerala's initiatives against Amoebic Meningoencephalitis.
3. CHINA'S PROMINENCE ON THE AGENDA OF THE QUAD SUMMIT
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper II (International Relations, Groupings and Agreements
Context: The White House has indicated that China will be a prominent topic of discussion at the upcoming Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) summit, which includes India, the United States, Japan, and Australia.
Background:
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad):
An informal strategic forum initiated in 2007.
Aims to ensure and support a "free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region."
Revived in 2017 amid rising concerns over China's assertiveness.
China's Regional Activities:
Increasing military presence and infrastructure development in the South China Sea.
Territorial disputes with neighbouring countries like Japan (Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands) and India (Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh).
Expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), influencing smaller nations through debt diplomacy.
Key Points:
Focus Areas of the Quad Summit:
Maritime Security:
Ensuring freedom of navigation and overflight in international waters.
Upholding international laws, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
Countering China's Influence:
Addressing concerns over China's militarisation of the South China Sea.
Discussing strategies to counter economic coercion and ensure supply chain resilience.
Emerging Technologies and Cybersecurity:
Collaborating on critical technologies like 5G, AI, and cybersecurity measures.
Infrastructure Development:
Offering alternatives to China's BRI through transparent and sustainable infrastructure projects.
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR):
Coordinating efforts for disaster response in the Indo-Pacific region.
China's Response:
China has criticised the Quad as an exclusive clique aimed at containing its rise.
Accuses Quad members of fostering a Cold War mentality.
India's Position:
Balances strategic autonomy with active participation in the Quad.
Emphasises that the Quad is not directed against any specific country.
Seeks to strengthen partnerships while managing its complex relationship with China.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
International Relations:
Understanding the dynamics of the Indo-Pacific region.
India's role in multilateral forums and its foreign policy objectives.
Security Issues:
Maritime security challenges and territorial disputes.
The impact of global groupings on regional security architecture.
Global Groupings and Agreements:
Significance of the Quad in the evolving geopolitical landscape.
Implications of international laws like UNCLOS on national sovereignty.
Linkages with Static Portions:
India's Foreign Policy:
Non-Alignment to Multi-Alignment: Transition in India's diplomatic stance.
Act East Policy: Enhancing relations with Southeast Asian nations.
International Law:
Principles of UNCLOS and their application in maritime disputes.
Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs): Conducted to assert navigation rights.
Global Groupings:
Comparison of the Quad with other groupings like ASEAN, APEC, and RCEP.
Role of regional organisations in fostering cooperation or conflict.
Prelims Questions:
Which countries are members of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)?
a) India, United States, Japan, Australia
b) India, United States, South Korea, Australia
c) India, Russia, Japan, Australia
d) India, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand
Answer: a) India, United States, Japan, Australia
The main objective of the Quad grouping is to:
a) Promote nuclear disarmament globally.
b) Counter piracy in the Gulf of Aden.
c) Ensure a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region.
d) Develop a common currency for member countries.
Answer: c) Ensure a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region.
Which international convention governs the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, promoting the peaceful use of the seas and oceans?
a) Kyoto Protocol
b) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
c) Paris Agreement
d) Geneva Conventions
Answer: b) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Mains Questions:
Discuss the strategic importance of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) for India in the context of the Indo-Pacific region. How does it align with India's Act East Policy and its broader foreign policy objectives?
Analyse the challenges posed by China's assertive actions in the Indo-Pacific region. How can multilateral groupings like the Quad play a role in ensuring regional stability and adherence to international law?
Examine the implications of the Quad's initiatives on India's bilateral relations with China. How should India navigate its diplomatic strategy to balance cooperation and competition with China?
4. SUPREME COURT DISMISSES CURATIVE PLEA ON TELECOM AGR DUES
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper II (Polity and Judiciary), General Studies Paper III (Economy)
Context: The Supreme Court of India has dismissed curative petitions filed by telecom companies seeking rectification of alleged errors in the calculation of their Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) dues.
Background:
Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR):
AGR is the usage and licensing fee that telecom operators are charged by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
It includes revenue from both telecom and non-telecom services.
Legal Battle over AGR:
1999: The National Telecom Policy introduced the revenue-sharing fee model for telecom licenses, replacing fixed license fees.
Dispute Origin: Telecom companies argued that AGR should include revenue from core services (telecom services) and exclude non-core revenues like rent, dividend, interest, etc.
DoT's Stand: AGR should include all revenues (before discounts), including non-core revenues.
Supreme Court Verdicts:
October 2019 Judgement:
The Supreme Court upheld the DoT's definition of AGR, leading to a massive financial liability on telecom companies.
Telecom operators were asked to pay an estimated ₹1.47 lakh crore in dues.
Review Petitions:
Telecom companies filed review petitions citing financial stress; these were dismissed in January 2020.
Curative Petitions:
Companies filed curative petitions alleging errors in the computation of dues.
September 2023: The Supreme Court dismissed these curative petitions, stating no case of miscarriage of justice.
Key Points:
Impact on Telecom Sector:
The dismissal reinforces the financial obligations of telecom companies.
Companies like Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea, and Tata Teleservices are affected.
Vodafone Idea faces the highest risk due to its precarious financial position.
Government Measures:
The government announced a relief package in 2021 to mitigate financial stress in the telecom sector, including a moratorium on AGR dues.
Despite relief measures, the dues remain payable.
Legal Provisions:
Curative Petition:
The last judicial resort in the Supreme Court after a review petition is dismissed.
Requires proof of a violation of principles of natural justice or apprehension of gross miscarriage of justice.
Relevance to the UPSC Exam:
Economic Significance:
Understanding the challenges in the telecom sector and implications for the economy.
Role of regulatory policies and their impact on industry sustainability.
Judicial Processes:
Insight into the hierarchy of courts and the finality of Supreme Court judgements.
The concept of curative petitions and judicial remedies.
Governance and Policy:
Examines the balance between government revenue interests and industry viability.
Highlights the importance of clear policy definitions and regulatory frameworks.
Linkages with Static Portions:
Indian Economy:
Infrastructure Development:
Role of the telecom sector in economic growth.
Issues affecting infrastructure sectors in India.
Revenue Models and Taxation:
Understanding revenue-sharing models between government and private entities.
Polity and Governance:
Judiciary:
Structure and powers of the Supreme Court.
Judicial review and the concept of curative petitions.
Government Policies:
Policy formulation and implementation challenges.
Law:
Principles of Natural Justice:
Legal doctrines ensuring fair decision-making.
Doctrine of Finality:
The Supreme Court as the final interpreter of law.
Prelims Questions:
Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) in the context of the Indian telecom sector refers to:
a) Total revenue earned from core telecom services only.
b) Revenue earned from non-telecom services only.
c) Total revenue, including both telecom and non-telecom services.
d) Revenue after deducting all expenses and taxes.
Answer: c) Total revenue, including both telecom and non-telecom services.
Which of the following statements about a Curative Petition in the Indian judiciary is correct?
a) It can be filed in any High Court after the Supreme Court's judgment.
b) It is the final legal remedy available after the dismissal of a review petition by the Supreme Court.
c) It is automatically accepted by the Supreme Court for hearing.
d) It is applicable only in civil cases, not in criminal cases.
Answer: b) It is the final legal remedy available after the dismissal of a review petition by the Supreme Court.
Which article of the Indian Constitution provides the Supreme Court the power to review any judgement pronounced or order made by it?
a) Article 137
b) Article 141
c) Article 145
d) Article 226
Answer: a) Article 137
Mains Questions:
Discuss the implications of the Supreme Court's dismissal of curative petitions on AGR dues for the Indian telecom sector. How does this decision affect the industry's financial health and competition?
Examine the role of judicial interventions in economic matters in India. Do you think such interventions help in ensuring regulatory compliance, or do they add to the industry's challenges? Illustrate with examples.
Analyse the concept of Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) and its impact on the revenue models of telecom companies. Suggest measures that can balance the government's revenue interests and the sustainability of the telecom sector.
5. FED RATE CUT TO HAVE MUTED IMPACT ON INDIA: CEA
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper III (Indian Economy, Global Economy)
Context: The Chief Economic Advisor (CEA) has stated that potential interest rate cuts by the US Federal Reserve are expected to have a muted impact on the Indian economy due to strong domestic fundamentals.
Background:
US Federal Reserve Monetary Policy:
The US Federal Reserve (Fed) influences global financial markets through its monetary policy decisions, including setting the federal funds rate.
Changes in the Fed's interest rates can lead to capital flows between the US and emerging markets like India, affecting exchange rates and financial stability.
Recent Developments:
After a period of rate hikes to combat inflation, there is speculation about potential rate cuts by the Fed in response to changing economic conditions.
About the Issue:
CEA's Perspective:
India's strong economic fundamentals, including robust GDP growth, healthy foreign exchange reserves, and controlled inflation, reduce vulnerability to external shocks.
The Indian economy has become more resilient due to structural reforms and prudent macroeconomic management.
Factors Contributing to Muted Impact:
Diversified Capital Inflows:
India attracts stable long-term capital in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) rather than volatile portfolio investments.
Foreign Exchange Reserves:
India's ample forex reserves provide a buffer against sudden capital outflows and currency volatility.
Domestic Consumption:
A significant portion of India's GDP is driven by domestic consumption, insulating it from global demand fluctuations.
Policy Measures:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) employs prudent monetary policies to manage liquidity and maintain financial stability.
Potential Implications of Fed Rate Cuts:
Capital Flows:
Lower US interest rates may lead to increased capital inflows into emerging markets seeking higher returns.
Exchange Rates:
An influx of foreign capital can lead to appreciation of the Indian rupee, affecting export competitiveness.
Inflationary Pressures:
Increased liquidity may pose inflationary risks, which the RBI needs to monitor.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
Indian Economy:
Understanding the impact of global monetary policies on India's economy is crucial for topics like the external sector, capital flows, and exchange rate dynamics.
International Economics:
Highlights the interconnectedness of global financial systems and the importance of economic diplomacy.
Monetary Policy:
Emphasises the role of central banks in managing economic stability amid external influences.
Linkages with Static Portions:
Balance of Payments (BoP):
Components of BoP, impact of capital account transactions.
Exchange Rate Mechanism:
Factors influencing exchange rates, managed float system.
Monetary Policy Framework:
Objectives and tools of the RBI's monetary policy.
Foreign Exchange Reserves:
Importance and management of forex reserves.
Prelims Questions:
Which of the following effects is most likely when the US Federal Reserve cuts its interest rates?
a) Appreciation of the US dollar against other currencies
b) Decrease in capital flows to emerging markets
c) Increase in global commodity prices due to higher liquidity
d) Tightening of global financial conditions
Answer: c) Increase in global commodity prices due to higher liquidity
In the context of the Indian economy, a higher foreign exchange reserve helps in:
a) Depreciating the value of the Indian rupee
b) Providing a buffer against external economic shocks
c) Increasing the current account deficit
d) Reducing the need for foreign investment
Answer: b) Providing a buffer against external economic shocks
Which of the following is NOT a tool used by the Reserve Bank of India for monetary policy?
a) Repo Rate
b) Cash Reserve Ratio
c) Open Market Operations
d) Fiscal Deficit Management
Answer: d) Fiscal Deficit Management
Mains Questions:
Explain how changes in the US Federal Reserve's interest rates can impact emerging economies like India. In this context, analyse the measures taken by India to mitigate the adverse effects of such external monetary policy shifts.
Discuss the role of foreign exchange reserves in maintaining economic stability in India. How do they help in cushioning the economy against global financial volatility?
Evaluate the significance of strong domestic economic fundamentals in insulating an economy from global shocks. Illustrate your answer with examples from the Indian economy.
6. WHITE REVOLUTION 2.0 TO EMPOWER WOMEN: AMIT SHAH
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper II (Social Justice), General Studies Paper III (Agriculture, Women Empowerment)
Context:
Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah announced the launch of White Revolution 2.0, focussing on empowering women through the dairy sector.
Background:
White Revolution (Operation Flood):
Launched in 1970 by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) under the leadership of Dr. Verghese Kurien.
Aimed to transform India from a milk-deficient nation to the world's largest milk producer.
Established a nationwide milk grid linking producers with consumers, reducing seasonal and regional price variations.
Empowered rural farmers, especially women, through the cooperative movement.
Current Scenario:
India is the world's largest milk producer, contributing over 22% of global production.
The dairy sector is a significant source of livelihood for 80 million rural households.
Women play a crucial role, constituting about 70% of the workforce in dairy farming.
Key Points of White Revolution 2.0:
Empowering Women:
Increased Participation: Encouraging women's involvement in dairy cooperatives and Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
Capacity Building: Providing training in modern dairy practices, entrepreneurship, and financial management.
Leadership Roles: Promoting women to leadership positions within cooperatives.
Enhancing Milk Production:
Technological Advancements: Introducing advanced breeding techniques, high-yielding cattle breeds, and better feed management.
Disease Control: Implementing comprehensive animal health programs to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Improving Infrastructure:
Cold Chain Development: Expanding refrigeration facilities to minimise spoilage.
Processing Facilities: Setting up new milk processing plants and upgrading existing ones to produce value-added products.
Market Expansion:
Export Promotion: Identifying new international markets and complying with global quality standards.
Value Addition: Diversifying into cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products to meet changing consumer preferences.
Financial Support:
Subsidies and Incentives: Offering financial assistance for purchasing dairy animals and equipment.
Credit Facilities: Ensuring easy access to credit through cooperative banks and microfinance institutions.
Role of Cooperatives:
Strengthening Cooperatives: Enhancing governance and transparency within cooperatives.
Digitalisation: Leveraging technology for efficient supply chain management and direct payment to farmers.
Linkages with Static Syllabus:
Agriculture and Allied Sectors:
Importance of livestock in the rural economy and nutrition.
Contribution of the dairy sector to agricultural GDP.
Women Empowerment:
Role of women in agriculture and allied activities.
Economic empowerment leading to social empowerment.
Cooperative Movement:
Historical development and significance in India's rural development.
Success stories like Amul and their replication.
Government Schemes and Policies:
National Livestock Mission: Enhancing livestock productivity and supporting smallholders.
Rashtriya Gokul Mission: Conservation and development of indigenous breeds.
Dairy Processing and Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF): Providing financial assistance for infrastructure.
Inclusive Growth:
Role of agriculture in inclusive development.
Strategies for poverty alleviation and employment generation.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
GS Paper I (Society): Women's role in economic development, rural society issues.
GS Paper II (Governance): Government interventions for development, cooperative federalism.
GS Paper III (Economy): Agriculture, food processing, inclusive growth, and issues arising from them.
Prelims Questions:
Which of the following statements is correct regarding Operation Flood in India?
a) It focused on increasing wheat production.
b) It was launched to enhance milk production through cooperatives.
c) It aimed at improving irrigation facilities.
d) It was an initiative to boost fish farming.
Answer: b) It was launched to enhance milk production through cooperatives.
Who is popularly known as the 'Father of the White Revolution' in India?
a) Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
b) Dr. Verghese Kurien
c) Norman Borlaug
d) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Answer: b) Dr. Verghese Kurien
Which organization was primarily responsible for implementing Operation Flood?
a) National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
b) Food Corporation of India (FCI)
c) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
d) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
Answer: a) National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
The Rashtriya Gokul Mission is associated with:
a) Development of fisheries
b) Conservation of indigenous cattle breeds
c) Promotion of organic farming
d) Enhancing poultry production
Answer: b) Conservation of indigenous cattle breeds
Mains Questions:
Discuss the role of the dairy sector in empowering women and enhancing rural livelihoods in India. How can initiatives like White Revolution 2.0 contribute to inclusive growth?
Answer Outline:
Introduction to the dairy sector's significance.
Women's participation in dairy farming and cooperatives.
Impact of income generation on women's socio-economic status.
White Revolution 2.0's focus on women empowerment.
Potential for poverty reduction and inclusive growth.
Challenges and suggestions for effective implementation.
Examine the challenges faced by the dairy industry in India, such as productivity issues, infrastructure gaps, and market access. Propose measures to address these challenges in the context of the proposed White Revolution 2.0.
Answer Outline:
Identification of key challenges:
Low productivity of indigenous breeds.
Inadequate cold chain and processing facilities.
Fragmented supply chains.
Limited access to credit and markets.
Measures to address challenges:
Genetic improvement programs.
Infrastructure development under government schemes.
Strengthening cooperatives and SHGs.
Policy reforms and ease of doing business.
Role of technology and innovation.
"Cooperative movements have been instrumental in transforming rural economies in India." Critically analyse this statement with reference to the dairy sector and initiatives like White Revolution 2.0.
Answer Outline:
Overview of the cooperative movement in India.
Success stories like Amul and their impact on rural development.
Role of cooperatives in providing market access and fair pricing.
Challenges faced by cooperatives today.
How White Revolution 2.0 aims to revitalise cooperatives.
Critical analysis of the cooperative model's strengths and weaknesses.
7. HARAPPAN CIVILISATION: 100 YEARS OF HISTORIC EXPLORATION
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper I (Indian History, Art and Culture)
Context:
The year marks 100 years of historic exploration of the Harappan Civilization, one of the world's oldest urban civilizations, with significant archaeological findings reshaping our understanding of ancient India.
Background:
Discovery of Harappan Civilization:
1920s Excavations: The initial discoveries at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro by archaeologists like Daya Ram Sahni and R.D. Banerji unveiled a sophisticated urban culture dating back to the Bronze Age.
Sir John Marshall, then Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), announced the discovery in 1924.
Extent of the Civilization:
Spanned over 1.3 million square kilometres across modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Major sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Kalibangan, Lothal, and Rakhigarhi.
Key Points:
Urban Planning and Architecture:
Grid Pattern Cities: Streets laid out in perfect grid patterns with advanced drainage systems.
Citadel and Lower Town: Division indicating social or administrative hierarchy.
Use of standardised baked bricks in construction.
Trade and Economy:
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: Cultivation of wheat, barley, and domestication of animals like cattle.
Trade Networks: Extensive trade with Mesopotamia, evidenced by Indus seals found there.
Weights and Measures: Standardised systems indicating advanced economic transactions.
Art and Craftsmanship:
Seals and Script: Thousands of seals with pictographic script, still undeciphered.
Pottery and Terracotta Figures: Indicative of artistic skills and cultural practices.
Metallurgy: Knowledge of copper, bronze, lead, and tin metallurgy.
Social and Cultural Aspects:
Religion and Rituals: Evidence of worship of Mother Goddess, animal figures, and possibly proto-Shiva (Pashupati seal).
Absence of Monumental Structures: Unlike contemporary civilizations, no grand temples or palaces have been found.
Recent Discoveries and Research:
Dholavira (Gujarat):
Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021.
Notable for water conservation systems and urban planning.
Rakhigarhi (Haryana):
One of the largest Harappan sites.
Ongoing excavations revealing insights into the civilization's decline.
Theories on Decline:
Climate Change: Shifts in monsoon patterns leading to drought.
River Dynamics: Drying up of the Saraswati/Ghaggar-Hakra river system.
Aryan Invasion Theory: Largely discredited; lack of evidence of large-scale invasion.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
Historical Significance:
Understanding the roots of Indian civilization and its contributions to urban planning, trade, and culture.
Art and Culture:
Insights into ancient practices, art forms, and societal structures.
Archaeological Methods:
The importance of excavations and scientific techniques in uncovering history.
Heritage Conservation:
Issues related to preservation of archaeological sites and promotion of cultural heritage.
Interdisciplinary Linkages:
Connections with geography (river systems), environment (climate change impact), and science (metallurgy).
Linkages with Static Portions:
Ancient History:
Detailed study of Indus Valley Civilization in the context of ancient Indian history.
Art and Architecture:
Harappan contributions to urban design and craft traditions.
Cultural Continuity:
Possible links between Harappan culture and later Vedic civilization.
Environment and Ecology:
Impact of environmental changes on the rise and fall of civilizations.
Prelims Questions:
Which of the following sites is NOT associated with the Harappan Civilization?
a) Mohenjo-daro
b) Lothal
c) Taxila
d) Dholavira
Answer: c) Taxila
The undeciphered script found on Harappan seals is:
a) Brahmi Script
b) Kharosthi Script
c) Indus Script
d) Devanagari Script
Answer: c) Indus Script
Which of the following features was common in Harappan cities?
a) Use of iron tools
b) Monumental stone temples
c) Advanced drainage systems
d) Widespread use of horse-drawn chariots
Answer: c) Advanced drainage systems
Dholavira, a Harappan site, is located in which present-day Indian state?
a) Gujarat
b) Rajasthan
c) Haryana
d) Punjab
Answer: a) Gujarat
Mains Questions:
Discuss the salient features of urban planning in the Harappan Civilization. How did these features contribute to the efficiency and sustainability of their cities?
Answer Outline:
Introduction to Harappan urban planning.
Grid pattern layout, standardised bricks.
Advanced drainage and water management systems.
Zoning of residential and administrative areas.
Impact on health, sanitation, and societal organisation.
Relevance to modern urban planning principles.
Examine the factors that led to the decline of the Harappan Civilization. What lessons can contemporary societies learn from their collapse?
Answer Outline:
Overview of theories: climate change, river dynamics, overutilization of resources.
Analysis of archaeological and geological evidence.
Impact of environmental degradation and resource management.
Lessons on sustainability, adaptation, and disaster preparedness.
The undeciphered script of the Harappan Civilization poses significant challenges to understanding their culture fully. Discuss the efforts made towards deciphering the script and the importance of such endeavours in historical studies.
Answer Outline:
Description of the Indus script characteristics.
Challenges: short inscriptions, lack of bilingual texts.
Attempts by scholars using computational methods, linguistic analysis.
Importance for understanding social structure, administration, and language.
Broader implications for ancient history and linguistics.
8. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY SUPPORTS PALESTINIAN RESOLUTION; INDIA ABSTAINS
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper II (International Relations, India and the World)
Context:
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted a resolution demanding that Israel end its occupation of Palestinian territories.
India abstained from voting on this resolution, reflecting its nuanced stance on the Israel-Palestine issue.
Background:
Israel-Palestine Conflict:
A long-standing conflict rooted in disputes over land, national identity, and sovereignty.
Key issues include borders, security, recognition of statehood, control over Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, and the right of return for Palestinian refugees.
UN Involvement:
The UN has been actively involved in attempting to mediate the conflict since its inception.
Numerous resolutions have been passed in both the UNGA and the UN Security Council (UNSC) addressing various aspects of the conflict.
India's Historical Position:
India was one of the first non-Arab countries to recognise the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people in 1974.
Established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, post-Cold War era, while maintaining support for the Palestinian cause.
India advocates for a two-state solution achieved through direct negotiations.
Key Points:
UNGA Resolution Details:
Demands Israel end its occupation of territories occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem.
Calls for a comprehensive peace settlement based on pre-1967 borders.
Emphasises the need for upholding international law and human rights.
India's Abstention:
India abstained from voting, neither supporting nor opposing the resolution.
Reflects India's balanced approach to maintaining strategic relations with Israel and historical support for Palestine.
Avoids alienating either side, considering India's interests in the Middle East.
Implications of Abstention:
Signals India's intent to remain neutral and promote peace through dialogue.
Aims to preserve and enhance bilateral relations with both Israel and Arab nations.
Highlights India's strategic autonomy in foreign policy decisions.
International Reaction:
The resolution received widespread support, indicating global concern over the ongoing occupation.
Israel rejected the resolution, labelling it biassed.
Palestine welcomed the support but expressed disappointment over abstentions by countries like India.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
International Relations:
Understanding India's foreign policy strategies, especially in conflict regions.
Analysing how India balances its national interests with international expectations.
India and International Organizations:
India's role and voting patterns in the UNGA and UNSC.
Implications of India's decisions on its global image and diplomatic relations.
Foreign Policy Principles:
Non-alignment and strategic autonomy.
Balancing moral support for causes with pragmatic national interests.
Linkages with Static Portions:
India's Foreign Policy Evolution:
From Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) to multi-alignment.
Principles guiding India's interactions on the global stage.
International Organizations:
Structure and functions of the United Nations.
Difference between UNGA and UNSC resolutions.
West Asia Dynamics:
Geopolitical importance of the Middle East for India.
India's energy security, diaspora, and trade relations in the region.
Prelims Questions:
Which of the following best describes India's current position on the Israel-Palestine conflict?
a) Complete support for Israel's policies.
b) Complete support for Palestinian statehood without conditions.
c) Advocacy for a two-state solution through direct negotiations.
d) Neutrality without any official stance.
Answer: c) Advocacy for a two-state solution through direct negotiations.
In which year did India establish full diplomatic relations with Israel?
a) 1948
b) 1974
c) 1992
d) 2000
Answer: c) 1992
Which organ of the United Nations is primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security and can pass binding resolutions on member states?
a) UN General Assembly
b) UN Security Council
c) International Court of Justice
d) UN Economic and Social Council
Answer: b) UN Security Council
Mains Questions:
Discuss the evolution of India's stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict. How does India balance its relations with both countries while adhering to its foreign policy objectives?
Examine the role of the United Nations in addressing the Israel-Palestine issue. What challenges does the UN face in resolving such protracted conflicts?
"India's abstention from the UNGA resolution on Palestine reflects its strategic interests and diplomatic balancing act." Critically analyse this statement in the context of India's foreign policy in West Asia.
9. MSP PROPOSALS: AGRICULTURE MINISTER SAYS PANEL CONTINUES WORK
Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – General Studies Paper III (Agriculture, Economic Development, Government Policies)
Context:
The Union Agriculture Minister announced that the committee on Minimum Support Price (MSP) is actively working on proposals to make MSP more effective and transparent.
Background:
Minimum Support Price (MSP):
MSP is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices.
Announced for certain crops before the sowing season based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
Ensures that farmers receive a minimum price for their produce, aiming to protect them from distress sales.
Farmers' Protests and Repeal of Farm Laws:
In 2020, the government enacted three farm laws aiming to reform the agricultural sector.
Widespread protests by farmers, particularly from Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, demanded the repeal of these laws and the legal guarantee of MSP.
In November 2021, the government repealed the farm laws and promised to form a committee to make MSP more effective and transparent.
Formation of MSP Committee:
In July 2022, the government constituted a committee headed by former agriculture secretary Sanjay Agrawal.
The committee includes representatives from central and state governments, farmers, agricultural scientists, and economists.
Mandated to suggest measures to make MSP more effective and to promote natural farming methods.
Key Points:
Current Status of the MSP Committee:
The committee is deliberating on various proposals to improve the MSP regime.
Focus areas include:
Making MSP more effective and transparent.
Promoting crop diversification and natural farming.
Strengthening the procurement system to ensure wider reach.
Government's Stance:
The Union Agriculture Minister emphasised the government's commitment to farmers' welfare.
Reiterated that MSP will continue and be strengthened.
Highlighted various initiatives taken by the government to double farmers' income.
Challenges in MSP Implementation:
Procurement is limited to certain crops and regions.
Farmers often sell below MSP due to lack of awareness or procurement infrastructure.
Financial burden on the government due to procurement and storage costs.
Possible Recommendations:
Legal guarantee of MSP.
Expanding the procurement network to cover more crops and regions.
Utilising technology for transparent and efficient procurement processes.
Encouraging private sector participation while safeguarding farmers' interests.
Relevance to UPSC Exam:
Agriculture and Allied Sectors:
Understanding MSP's role in ensuring food security and farmers' income.
Analysing agricultural marketing and pricing policies.
Government Policies and Interventions:
Evaluating the effectiveness of policy measures aimed at the agricultural sector.
Assessing the impact of government interventions on various stakeholders.
Economic Issues:
Fiscal implications of MSP and procurement.
Balancing farmers' welfare with economic sustainability.
Social Issues:
Farmers' protests highlight the socio-economic challenges in rural India.
Role of agriculture in rural livelihoods and employment.
Linkages with Static Portions:
Agricultural Pricing Policies:
Role and functions of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
Concepts of Cost A2, Cost A2+FL, and Cost C2 used in MSP calculations.
Food Security and Public Distribution System (PDS):
How MSP and procurement contribute to the PDS.
Challenges in storage, distribution, and wastage.
Economic Reforms in Agriculture:
Need for reforms in agricultural marketing.
Role of Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs).
Governance:
Role of committees and commissions in policy formulation.
Stakeholder consultation and inclusive policy-making.
Prelims Questions:
Who among the following recommends the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for various agricultural crops to the Government of India?
a) Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)
b) Food Corporation of India (FCI)
c) NITI Aayog
d) National Commission on Farmers
Answer: a) Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)
Which of the following costs is considered by CACP while recommending MSP?
a) Cost A1
b) Cost A2
c) Cost A2+FL
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
The MSP is announced by the Government of India for how many crops currently?
a) 14
b) 23
c) 7
d) 29
Answer: b) 23
Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding MSP?
a) MSP is the minimum price set by the government to purchase directly from the farmer.
b) MSP aims to safeguard farmers against any sharp fall in farm prices.
c) MSP is legally binding on private traders to purchase at or above this price.
d) MSP is recommended by the CACP and announced by the Government of India.
Answer: c) MSP is legally binding on private traders to purchase at or above this price.
Mains Questions:
Discuss the significance of the Minimum Support Price (MSP) system in India's agricultural economy. What are the challenges associated with the current MSP regime, and how can they be addressed?
Answer Outline:
Introduction: Explain MSP and its objectives.
Significance:
Provides price assurance to farmers.
Encourages production of certain crops.
Contributes to food security through procurement for PDS.
Challenges:
Limited procurement centers and crops.
Regional disparities in procurement.
Financial burden on the government.
Market distortions and environmental concerns.
Solutions:
Expanding procurement to more crops and regions.
Legal backing for MSP.
Diversification and promotion of sustainable agriculture.
Enhancing infrastructure and storage facilities.
Conclusion: Emphasise balanced reforms for farmers' welfare and economic sustainability.
Analyse the impact of government interventions like MSP on agricultural markets and farmers' income in India. Suggest measures to make these interventions more effective and inclusive.
Answer Outline:
Introduction: Role of government interventions in agriculture.
Impact on Markets:
Price stabilisation.
Influence on cropping patterns.
Issues with market efficiency.
Impact on Farmers' Income:
Income support for farmers with access to procurement.
Exclusion of small and marginal farmers.
Measures for Effectiveness:
Improving accessibility and awareness.
Technology adoption for transparency.
Inclusion of marginal farmers and remote regions.
Encouraging value addition and agri-processing.
Conclusion: Need for holistic policies to enhance farmers' income.
"The MSP system, while well-intentioned, requires reforms to meet the evolving needs of Indian agriculture." Critically examine this statement in the context of the recent developments.
Answer Outline:
Introduction: Brief on MSP's role and recent developments.
Arguments Supporting Reforms:
Changing agricultural dynamics.
Environmental sustainability concerns.
Fiscal implications.
Arguments Against Overhauling MSP:
Essential safety net for farmers.
Dependence of farmers on MSP for livelihood.
Possible Reforms:
Dynamic pricing models.
Promoting crop diversification.
Integrating MSP with market reforms.
Conclusion: Balanced approach to reform MSP while protecting farmers.
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