NSCN-IM Threatens Armed Violence After 2015 Peace Framework Agreement

NewsDecode | Internal Security & Governance | Mains Paper 3: Security Challenges and Their Management in Border Areas; Role of External State and Non-State Actors

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For Students:

From a UPSC perspective, this analysis is essential for understanding internal security, peace negotiations, and the complexities of insurgency and ethnic conflicts.

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Why in the News?

• For the first time since the 2015 Framework Agreement, the National Socialist Council of Nagalim (NSCN-IM) has issued a threat of renewed armed violence, highlighting unresolved tensions in the Naga peace process.

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Background of the Naga Peace Process

• Historical Context: The Naga insurgency, one of India's oldest armed ethnic conflicts, dates back to the 1950s. The NSCN-IM, a major insurgent group, has long sought sovereignty and greater autonomy for the Naga people, including demands for a “Greater Nagalim” that extends beyond current state boundaries.

• 2015 Framework Agreement: In 2015, the Government of India signed a Framework Agreement with NSCN-IM to outline steps towards a peaceful resolution. The agreement aimed to recognize Naga distinct identity and aspirations within the Indian Union, though the specifics were not disclosed.

• Current Issues: Disagreements persist, especially over Naga sovereignty, the demand for a separate flag and constitution, and territorial claims. NSCN-IM’s renewed threat suggests that these unresolved issues are testing the limits of the peace agreement.

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Key Demands and Points of Contention

• Sovereignty and Cultural Identity: NSCN-IM has emphasized the need for a separate Naga flag and constitution as symbolic of Naga identity and autonomy. These demands have been a major sticking point in negotiations.

• Greater Nagalim: The group advocates for an expansive Naga homeland, including parts of Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh, which has led to inter-state tensions and opposition from neighboring states, complicating the peace process.

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Implications for Internal Security

• Threat of Armed Conflict: NSCN-IM’s threat of returning to armed struggle raises serious concerns for internal security in India’s northeastern region, where ethnic tensions and insurgencies have historically posed challenges to governance.

• Impact on the Northeastern Region: Renewed conflict could destabilize the Northeast, impacting states like Manipur and Nagaland and risking ethnic violence. It could also affect cross-border relations, as insurgent groups have historically maintained ties across borders.

• Challenges in Peace Process: This development exposes the challenges of negotiating with ethnic insurgent groups, especially when cultural and territorial claims are involved. It raises questions about negotiation strategies and the viability of peace agreements without resolving core demands.

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Constitutional and Legal Framework

• Article 371(A): Provides special provisions for Nagaland, preserving its customs, traditions, and land ownership laws. The article serves as a basis for the unique status of Nagaland within the Union of India, although NSCN-IM seeks additional provisions.

• Sixth Schedule: While Nagaland is not under the Sixth Schedule, other Northeastern states benefit from autonomous district councils, allowing self-governance in tribal areas. NSCN-IM has shown interest in similar autonomy structures, which could require constitutional amendments.

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Potential Solutions and Way Forward

• Dialogues on Cultural Symbols: Establishing mutual ground regarding the demand for a separate flag and constitution could help advance peace negotiations. Recognizing cultural symbols while maintaining national integrity may offer a middle ground.

• Strengthening Local Governance: Encouraging the development of autonomous councils and regional institutions within Nagaland could address demands for self-governance and reduce friction on sovereignty issues.

• Cross-Border Cooperation: Coordinated efforts with neighboring countries like Myanmar are essential to prevent insurgents from regrouping and to maintain stability in the border regions.

• Inclusive Dialogue: Engaging with other Naga groups and neighboring states can create a more comprehensive approach to the peace process, preventing isolated negotiations that might ignore regional concerns.

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Mains PYQ

Q. Discuss the security implications of cross-border insurgency in India’s North-East. Also, suggest measures to address this security challenge. (UPSC IAS/2017)